Page updated: May 2020
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让我们看看下方展示的四张图片。每张图片显示在四款不同的显示器上。注意这些显示器上的颜色看起来有多不同。在这四台设备上做色彩管理之前,由于硬件技术和色彩设置的不同,色彩差异是非常显而易见的。你在家用显示器上看到的默认色彩设置(例如色温、饱和度和对比度),通常是为了满足日常使用的色彩需求而调试的,然而,对于商业印刷公司以及工作中需要色彩精准度的自由职业者和专业从业者来说,色彩管理是工作流程中必不可少的一环。
即使是同型号的LCD显示器,也会因为背光模组和滤色片的差异出现颜色不一致的情况。校色可以减少不同显示器间的颜色差异。
下面是一些使用不同色彩系统来呈现颜色的设备。光学设备用加法混色,而印刷设备用减法混色。
1. 光学输入设备:相机、扫描仪
2. 光学输出设备:显示器、投影仪
3. 打印设备:打印机
加法混色原理认为:颜色是由光的混合产生,特别是由红光、绿光和蓝光混合而成。这三种颜色被称为加法混色模型中的三原色。其他颜色可以通过混合不同比例的红光、绿光、蓝光来产生,形成二次色:青色、品红色和黄色。红光和绿光混合会变成黄光。绿光和蓝光交叠产生青光。通过混合蓝光和红光,产生了品红光。当三种原色全部叠加在一起时,就会产生白光。
常用的RGB色彩空间就是基于加法混色模式,通过不同比例混合红光、绿光和蓝光,来创建大范围的颜色。
在减法混色系统中,颜色是通过混合最色剂产生的。着色剂会吸收(减去)某些颜色的光,而反射其他颜色的光,这些被反射的光进入人眼,就是我们看到的颜色。减法混色的三原色是:青色(Cyan,C)、品红色(Magenta;M)、黄色(Yellow,Y)。如果我们混合黄色和青色,我们将得到绿色;混合黄色和品红色是红色;混合品红色和青色产生蓝色。理论上,将这三种颜色全部混合到一起应该得到黑色;但在实际印刷中,由于油墨本身不够纯净,混合后往往得到的是深褐色。因此,在彩色印刷中会额外加入第四种颜色——黑色(Key,K),用来补偿三原色混合不完美的问题,使暗部和黑色更纯净、更稳定。
这种减法混色模型被称为 CMYK 色彩空间,由 C(青)、M(品红)、Y(黄)、K(黑) 四种颜色组成。
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